Paste for back contact-type solar cell

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is a paste for a back contact-type solar cell that includes: (a) electrically conductive particles containing silver particle and added particles selected from the group consisting of (i) metal particles selected from the group consisting of Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, W, Re, Os, Ir and Pt particles, (ii) a metal alloy containing the metal particles, and (iii) particles loaded with the metal particles, (b) glass frit, and (c) a resin binder.

This application is a divisional application of Ser. No. 11/726,773, nowabandoned, filed on Mar. 22, 2007.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a paste for a solar cell, and moreparticularly, to an electrically conductive paste used to formelectrodes of a back contact-type solar cell.

2. Technical Background

Silver paste is widely used for the electrode paste used in solar cells,since electrode pastes for solar cells are required to have lowelectrical resistance to facilitate improved efficiency. In the case ofcontact between a metal and semiconductor, a Schottky barrier is knownto be formed that causes a considerable increase in contact resistance.This type of contact is referred to as Schottky contact. Since theelectrical resistance of an electrode is the sum of the conductorresistance and contact resistance, in addition to lowering the conductorresistance of an electrode paste, it is also necessary to reduce thecontact resistance with the conductor. The ideal contact of an electrodematerial, free of a Schottky barrier, is referred to as Ohmic contact;and contact resistance is known to decrease in this contact state.

Methods for realizing Ohmic contact at the interface between a metal andsemiconductor consist of either reducing the Schottky barrier heightfrom the semiconductor to zero, or reducing the thickness of theelectrode material to narrow the width of the Schottky barrier andapproach the behavior of Ohmic resistance due to a tunnel effect.

Examples of such methods include a technique in which the thickness of alayer formed between a metal and semiconductor for electrical continuityis decreased, a technique in which multilayer thin films which havesimilar work function are inserted between the metal and semiconductor,a technique in which a film interposed between the metal andsemiconductor is subjected to high-temperature heat treatment to form analloy, and a technique in which contact resistance is decreased byhigh-temperature annealing. In the case of solar cells, however,high-temperature treatment results in the risk of lowering the powergeneration efficiency of the cell. In addition, in the case of theapplication of thin films technique, the production process istime-consuming and complex, thereby preventing production from beingcarried out at low cost.

Recently however, studies have been conducted on back contact-type solarcells for the purpose of further enhancing the power generationefficiency of solar cells. Back contact-type solar cells refer to solarcells in which the electrodes are formed on the opposite side from thesunlight receiving side (back side), thereby making it possible toincrease the light receiving surface since the electrodes are not formedon the light receiving surface. The structure of conventionalcrystalline solar cells in which the electrodes are formed on the lightreceiving surface typically consisted of the formation of an n layer onthe light receiving side of a p-type semiconductor. Consequently,electrically conductive paste for electrodes used on the light receivingside was also developed for use with an n-type semiconductor. Analuminum paste is used to utilize BSF effects on the back side. Sincealuminum has an inferior adhesive strength as compared with solder,silver paste is used at those portions requiring soldering. This silverpaste for the back side is used primarily for the purpose of ensuringelectrical connection with the aluminum paste and physical connectionwith the substrate, and Ohmic resistance with the p-type semiconductoris not required.

However, in the case of back contact-type solar cells, it is necessaryto develop electrodes having low contact resistance with the p-typesemiconductor layer and to develop an electrically conductive paste forback contact applications.

Moreover, the method for forming electrodes employs a thin film processusing vapor deposition or sputtering, and a thick film process using apaste. It is preferable to form the electrodes using a thick filmprocess in consideration of production costs. In order to minimize thedecrease in solar cell efficiency caused by thermal damage, an electrodeformation method is required that allows electrodes to be formed at alow temperature and in a short period of time. Low-temperature,short-duration production is also important with respect to costs andproduction efficiency.

In the case of solar cells in which electrodes are formed on both sides,the light receiving side paste usually contains as basic componentselectrically conductive particles in the form of Ag, binder, glass fritand a solvent (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-openNo. 2006-295197). In Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No.2006-295197, examples of electrically conductive particles include metalparticles selected from the group consisting of Cu, Au, Ag, Pd, Pt,alloys of Cu, Au, Ag, Pd and Pt, and mixtures thereof. On the otherhand, a paste composed primarily of aluminum is typically used for thepaste for forming sites on the back side that contact the semiconductor.

The present invention provides a paste able to be applied to a backcontact-type solar cell having low contact resistance between formedelectrodes and a semiconductor.

In addition, the present invention provided a method for formingelectrodes having low contact resistance with a semiconductor on theback of a solar cell substrate using an electrically conductive paste.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a paste for a back contact-type solar cellcomprising: (a) electrically conductive particles containing silverparticles and added particle selected from the group consisting of (i)metal particles selected from the group consisting of Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh,Pd, W, Re, Os, Ir and Pt particles, (ii) a metal alloy containing themetal particles, and (iii) particles loaded with the metal particles,(b) glass frit, and (c) a resin binder.

In addition, the present invention is a method for producing a solarcell electrode, comprising the steps of: (1) applying a paste comprising(a) electrically conductive particles containing silver particle andadded particle selected from the group consisting of (i) metal particlesselected from the group consisting of Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, W, Re, Os, Irand Pt particles, (ii) a metal alloy containing the metal particles, and(iii) particles loaded with the metal particles, onto the opposite sidefrom the light receiving side of a back contact-type solar cellsubstrate; and (2) firing the applied paste.

In addition, the present invention is a solar cell electrode formed onthe opposite side from the sunlight receiving side, comprising as aconductive component: silver particles; and added particles selectedfrom the group consisting of (i) metal particles selected from the groupconsisting of Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, W, Re, Os, Ir and Pt particles, (ii) ametal alloy containing the metal particles, and (iii) particles loadedwith the metal particles.

Electrodes formed using the paste of the present invention have lowcontact resistance with the solar cell semiconductor.

In addition, the paste of the present invention is able to form p-typeelectrodes having superior electrical characteristics by applying onto ap-type semiconductor and firing. Moreover, the electrodes can be formedby a thick film process, thereby enabling the electrodes to be formedeconomically. The use of low-temperature firing makes it possible tofurther enhance efficiency and economy.

A solar cell provided with electrodes formed using the paste of thepresent invention has low contact resistance between the electrodes andsemiconductor, and has superior power generation characteristics.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional schematic drawing of a portion of a solarcell as claimed in the present invention, and FIG. 1B is an overheadview showing an electrode pattern on a side opposite from a lightreceiving side in a portion of a solar cell as claimed in the presentinvention;

FIGS. 2A to 2E are drawings for explaining a production process whenproducing a solar cell;

FIGS. 3A to 3E are drawings for explaining a production process whenproducing a solar cell;

FIGS. 4A to 4D are drawings for explaining a production process whenproducing a solar cell;

FIGS. 5A to 5C are drawings for explaining a production process whenproducing a solar cell; and

FIGS. 6A and 6B are drawings showing the shape of a sample for measuringthe contact resistance of electrodes produced on an Si substrate usingthe electrically conductive paste of the present invention, while FIG.6C is a drawing for explaining resistance values measured betweenelectrodes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A first embodiment of the present invention relates to a paste for aback contact-type solar cell. The paste for aback contact-type solarcell of the present invention comprises: (a) electrically conductiveparticles containing silver particles and added particle selected fromthe group consisting of (i) metal particles selected from the groupconsisting of Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, W, Re, Os, Ir and Pt particles, (ii) ametal alloy containing the metal particles, and (iii) particles loadedwith the metal particles, (b) glass frit, and (c) a resin binder.

In the art, because of high contact resistance with p-type silicon, Agpaste is not used as an electrode for a back contact-type solar cell.Addition of other components and, particularly the addition of preciousmetals such as Pd or Pt is avoided for conventional crystalline solarcell. Price increase of the paste, and lowering electrical conductivitywas expected by adding precious metals. A preferable paste is obtainedfor use in a back contact-type solar cell by lowering the contactresistance through the addition of a predetermined metal to the paste.

In the present invention, no application of an aluminum paste as theback contact-type solar cell is required. Additionally, the paste(s) ofthe present invention provides low contact resistance.

The following provides an explanation of each component of the paste ofthe present invention.

1. Silver Particle

Silver (Ag) particles are used as an electrically conductive metal. Thesilver particle may be in the shape of flakes, spheres or they may beamorphous. Although there are no particular limitations on the particlediameter of the silver particle from the viewpoint of technical effectsin the case of being used as an ordinary electrically conductive paste,particle diameter has an effect on the sintering characteristics of thesilver (for example, silver particle having a large particle diameterare sintered at a slower rate than silver particle having a smallparticle diameter). Thus, although the particle diameter (d₅₀) ispreferably within the range of 0.1 to 10.0 μm, the particle diameter ofthe silver particle actually used is determined according to the firingprofile. Moreover, it is necessary that the silver particle having aparticle diameter suited for methods for applying an electricallyconductive paste (for example, screen printing). In the presentinvention, two or more types of silver particle having differentparticle diameters may be used as a mixture.

Normally, the silver preferably has a high purity (greater than 99%).However, substances of lower purity can be used depending on theelectrical requirements of the electrode pattern.

Although there are no particular limitations on the silver contentprovided it is an amount that allows the object of the present inventionto be achieved, in the case of silver particle, the silver content ispreferably 40 to 90% by weight based on the weight of the paste.

2. Added Particles

In the present invention, 3d or 4d transition metals belonging to groups6 to 11 of the periodic table are used in addition to the silverparticle. Namely, metal particles selected from the group consisting ofMo (molybdenum), Tc (technetium), Ru (ruthenium), Rh (rhodium), Pd(palladium), W (tungsten), Re (rhenium), Os (osmium), Ir (iridium) andPt (platinum) are added. Ruthenium, palladium or platinum is preferablefrom the viewpoint of lowering contact resistance.

In the present invention, alloy particles containing the above-mentionedmetals or particles loaded with the above-mentioned metal particles canalso be used preferably. Examples of alloys containing the metalparticles (also referred to as added particles in the presentdescription) include Ag/Pd alloy and Ni/Mo alloy. Examples of particlesloaded with the metal particles include Pt-loaded graphite and Pd-loadedgraphite.

The amount of the added particles is in the range of 0.01 to 10% byweight and any ranges contained therein, and preferably 0.1 to 5% byweight based on the weight of the paste. If the amount of addedparticles is excessively low, effects are not obtained. In addition, ifthe amount of added particles is excessively high, conductor resistanceincreases, sinterability decreases and costs increase.

As mentioned hereinbefore, the present invention is characterized inthat both the silver particle and the added particle are used. Theaddition of a third conductive particle, which is not included theconcept of the silver particles nor the added particle, is not excluded.However, the content of the third conductive particles is preferablyless than 2 wt % based on the weight of the paste.

3. Glass Frit

The electrically conductive paste of the present invention preferablycontains an inorganic binder in the form of glass frit.

Since the chemical composition of the glass frit is not important in thepresent invention, any glass frit can be used provided it is a glassfrit used in electrically conductive pastes for electronic materials.For example, lead borosilicate glass is used preferably. Leadborosilicate glass is a superior material in the present invention fromthe standpoint of both the range of the softening point and glassadhesion. In addition, lead-free glass, such as a bismuth silicatelead-free glass, can also be used.

Although there are no particular limitations on the content of theinorganic binder in the form of the glass frit provided it is an amountthat allows the object of the present invention to be achieved, it is0.5 to 15.0% by weight and preferably 1.0 to 10.0% by weight based onthe weight of the paste. If the amount of the inorganic binder is lessthan 0.5% by weight, adhesive strength may become inadequate. If theamount of the inorganic binder exceeds 15.0% by weight, problems may becaused in the subsequent soldering step due to floating glass and so on.In addition, the resistance value as a conductor also increases.

4. Resin Binder

The electrically conductive paste of the present invention contains aresin binder. In the present description, the concept of a “resinbinder” includes a mixture of a polymer and thinner. Thus, an organicliquid (also referred to as a thinner) may be contained in the resinbinder. In the present invention, a resin binder containing an organicliquid is preferable, and in the case of high viscosity, an organicliquid can be added separately as a viscosity adjuster as necessary.

In the present invention, any resin binder can be used. In the presentinvention, examples of the resin binder include a pine oil solution,ethylene glycol monobutyl ether monoacetate solution or ethyl celluloseterpineol solution of a resin (such as polymethacrylate) or ethylcellulose. In the present invention, a terpineol solution of ethylcellulose (ethyl cellulose content: 5 to 50% by weight) is usedpreferably. Furthermore, in the present invention, a solvent notcontaining a polymer, such as water or an organic liquid, can be used asa viscosity adjuster. Examples of organic liquids that can be usedinclude alcohols, alcohol esters (such as acetates or propionates), andterpenes (such as pine oil or terpineol).

The content of the resin binder is preferably 10 to 50% by weight basedon the weight of the paste.

5. Additives

A thickener and/or stabilizer and/or other typical additives may be ormay not be added to the electrically conductive paste of the presentinvention. Examples of other typical additives that can be added includedispersants and viscosity adjusters. The amount of additive isdetermined dependent upon the characteristics of the ultimately requiredelectrically conductive paste. The amount of additive can be suitablydetermined by a person with ordinary skill in the art. Furthermore, aplurality of types of additives may also be added.

As is explained below, the electrically conductive paste of the presentinvention has a viscosity within a predetermined range. A viscosityadjuster can be added as necessary to impart a suitable viscosity to theelectrically conductive paste. Although the amount of viscosity adjusteradded changes dependent upon the viscosity of the ultimate electricallyconductive paste, it can be suitably determined by a person withordinary skill in the art.

The electrically conductive paste of the present invention can beproduced as desired by mixing each of the above-mentioned componentswith a roll mixing mill or rotary mixer and the like. Although theelectrically conductive paste of the present invention is preferablyprinted onto a desired site on the back side of a solar cell by screenprinting, in the case of being printed by this type of printing, thepaste preferably has a predetermined viscosity range. The viscosity ofthe electrically conductive paste of the present invention is preferably50 to 350 PaS in the case of using a #14 spindle with a Brookfield HBTviscometer and measuring using a utility cup at 10 rpm and 25° C.

As has been described above, the paste having electrical conductivity ofthe present invention is used to form electrodes on the opposite sidefrom the light receiving side of a solar cell. Namely, the paste of thepresent invention printed and dried on the opposite side from the lightreceiving side of a solar cell.

Sintering after drying is carried out at temperature of 450° C. to 900°C. and preferably 450° C. to 700° C. Conventionally, the mixture ofsilver particles and aluminum particle was occasionally used. The pastecontaining Al particle requires a sintering at a high temperature toform an alloy of Si and Al, which delivers a good contact resistance.However, in case that the paste containing Al is applied forback-contact electrode, the sintering at a high temperature may infer aproblem in terms of good P-N junctions. In other words, the Al easilydiffuses into the substrate and bring damage since the P-N junction isvery thin at the back side of solar cell. Sintering at a low temperatureoffers the advantages of reducing damage to P-N junctions, decreasingsusceptibility to the occurrence of destruction caused by thermal damageand lowering costs. In this context, the content of Al is preferablyless than 2 wt %, more preferably less than 1 wt % based on the weightof the paste so that lower sintering temperature can be adapted.

The following provides an explanation of a back contact-type solar cellusing the electrically conductive paste of the present invention and anexplanation of a production process of back contact-type solar cellelectrodes of the present invention using the example of a solar cellhaving the structure shown in FIG. 1, while also providing anexplanation of an example of the fabrication of a solar cell.

FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional drawing of a portion of a solar cell asclaimed in the present invention, while FIG. 1B is an overhead viewshowing a portion an electrode pattern on the opposite side from thelight receiving side. A solar cell 100 is composed of a light receivingsection 102, a carrier generating section 104 and an electrode section106. The light receiving section 102 has a textured structure, and thesurface thereof is covered with a anti-reflective film 108. Theanti-reflective film 108 is a thin film composed of, for example,titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and silicon dioxide (SiO₂). As a result of thelight receiving section 102 having a textured structure covered by thisanti-reflective film 108, more incident light enters the carriergenerating section 104, thereby making it possible to increase theconversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

The carrier generating section 104 is composed of a semiconductor 110.When light from the light receiving section 102 (and particularly lighthaving energy equal to or greater than the band gap of the semiconductor110) enters this semiconductor 110, valence band electrons are excitedto the conduction band, free electrons are generated in the conductionband, and free holes are generated in the valence band. These freeelectrons and free holes are referred to as carriers. If these carriersreach the electrode section 106 by diffusion prior to being recombinedin the carrier generating section 104, a current can be obtained fromthe electrode section 106. Thus, in order to increase the conversionefficiency of the solar cell 100, it is preferable to use asemiconductor that impairs carrier recombination (namely, has a longcarrier life). For this reason, the semiconductor 110 used in thecarrier generating section 104 is preferably, for example, crystallinesilicon having high resistance.

The electrode section 106 is a section where current generated in thecarrier generating section 104 is obtained. This electrode section 106is formed on the opposite side from the side of the light receivingsection 102 of the semiconductor 110. The electrode section 106 has ananode 112 and a cathode 114, and these are alternately formed on theopposite side from the side of the light receiving section 102 of thesemiconductor 110. The anode and the cathode are respectively formed inthe form of V grooves 116 and 118 having triangular cross-sections. A p+semiconductor layer 120 is formed in the V groove 116 of the anode,while an n+ semiconductor layer 122 is formed in the V groove 118 of thecathode. The surface of the side opposite from the side of the lightreceiving section 102 is covered with an oxide film 124. In addition,electrodes 126 formed from the electrically conductive paste of thepresent invention are embedded in the V grooves.

Next, an explanation is provided of the production process of the backcontact-type solar cell electrodes of the present invention along withan explanation of the production process of a back contact-type solarcell with reference to FIGS. 2 to 5.

The solar cell electrode production process of the present invention iscomprised of the following steps of: (1) applying an electricallyconductive paste containing (a) electrically conductive particlescontaining silver particles and added particle selected from the groupconsisting of (i) metal particles selected from the group consisting ofMo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, W, Re, Os, Ir and Pt particles, (ii) a metal alloycontaining the metal particles, and (iii) particles loaded with themetal particles, (b) glass frit, and (c) a resin binder, onto theopposite side from the light receiving side of a back contact-type solarcell substrate; and

(2) Firing the Applied Paste.

First, an explanation is provided of the production a back contact-typesolar cell substrate used to produce back contact-type solar cellelectrodes with reference to FIGS. 2 to 4.

A high-resistance silicon (100) substrate 202 (having a thickness of,for example, 250 μm) is prepared, and oxide films 204 a and 204 b areformed on both sides thereof (FIG. 2A). These oxide films can be formedby, for example, thermal oxidation. Next, the oxide film 204 a on oneside of the silicon substrate is removed by photolithography or laseretching and so on to leave stripes of a predetermined width (forexample, width of 100 μm and interval of 300 μm) (FIG. 2B).

Next, anisotropic etching is carried out with potassium hydroxide (KOH)or tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) on the side from which aportion of the oxide film has been removed, to form V grooves 206 (at aninterval of, for example, 300 μm) in the form of stripes having atriangular cross-section (FIG. 2C).

Next, the substrate in which the V grooves 206 have been formed isplaced in a diffusion furnace to diffuse the phosphorous. As a result ofthese steps, an n⁺-type silicon layer 208 is formed on the portions ofthe silicon where the V grooves 206 have been formed as shown in FIG.2D. In the diffusion furnace, by interrupting the gas serving as thephosphorous material and introducing only oxygen, the surfaces of the Vgrooves 206 can be covered with an oxide film (FIG. 2E).

The oxide film is then removed from the substrate obtained in thismanner (FIG. 3A) at equal intervals by photolithography or laser etchingat the portions between the V grooves 206 of the oxide film 204 a (FIG.3B). For example, in the case the oxide film portion between the Vgrooves 206 has a width of 300 the oxide film is removed so that thedistance from the V grooves 206 on both sides of this oxide film portionis 100 μm.

Next, anisotropic etching is carried out with potassium hydroxide (KOH)or tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and so on at those locationswhere the oxide film has been removed to form V grooves 302 (at a widthof, for example, 100 μm) in the form of stripes having a triangularcross-section (FIG. 3C).

Next, the substrate in which the V grooves 302 have been formed isplaced in a diffusion furnace to diffuse the boron. As a result, asshown in FIG. 3D, a p⁺-type silicon layer 304 is formed on the siliconportions of the V grooves 302. In the diffusion furnace, by interruptingthe gas serving as the boron material and introducing oxygen only, thesurfaces of the V grooves 302 can be covered with an oxide film (FIG.3E).

After removing the oxide film on the other surface (the surface on whichthe oxide film 204 b is formed) of the silicon substrate 202 in whichtwo types of V grooves have been formed in this manner (FIG. 4A),anisotropic etching is carried out with potassium hydroxide (KOH) ortetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and so on to form a texturedstructure 402 in the form of stripes having a triangular cross-section(FIG. 4B). By then carrying out dry oxidation in a diffusion furnace, anoxide film 404 is formed on the other side of the substrate (FIG. 4C).

Subsequently, titanium dioxide (TiO₂), for example, is then deposited onthe side of the oxide film 404 at normal temperatures by sputtering andso on (titanium dioxide film: 406). As a result, a light receiving sidehaving an anti-reflective film with a textured structure is formed onthe other side of the substrate.

Next, electrodes are formed using the electrically conductive paste ofthe present invention (step (1) of the production process of the presentinvention). In this step, the electrically conductive paste 502 of thepresent invention is embedded in the V grooves (FIG. 5B) of thesubstrate obtained using the method described above (FIG. 5A). Embeddingof the electrically conductive paste can be carried out by a patterningmethod such as screen printing, stencil printing or dispenser applying.

Next, the substrate filled with the electrically conductive paste (FIG.5A) is fired at a predetermined temperature (for example, 450 to 900°C.) (FIG. 5C) (step (2) of the production process of the presentinvention). As a result, electrodes 504 are formed.

In the present invention, in the case of an oxide film being formed onthe n⁺-type silicon layer 208 and the p⁺-type silicon layer 304, byfiring the electrically conductive paste to fire through the oxide filmduring formation of the electrodes, the electrode material is coupleddirectly to the semiconductor and electrical contact is formed.

Back contact-type solar cell electrodes of the present invention areproduced according to the process shown in FIG. 5.

A solar cell (not shown) is then fabricated by covering the side of theelectrodes with a protective film, forming wiring by applying with anelectrically conductive ink and dicing.

EXAMPLES

Although the following provides an explanation of the present inventionthrough examples thereof, the present invention is not limited to theseexamples.

(I) Preparation of Silver Pastes

Silver pastes 1 and 2 were produced to have the compositions shown inTable 1 using the materials indicated below.

(i) Silver Particle

Flaked silver particle [d₅₀ 2.7 μm (as determined with a laserscattering-type particle size distribution measuring apparatus)

(ii) Glass Frit

Leaded: Lead borosilicate glass frit

Components: SiO₂/PbO/B₂O₃/ZnO

Softening point: 440° C.

Lead-free: Lead-free bismuth glass frit

Components: SiO₂/Al₂O₃/B₂O₃/ZnO/Bi₂O₃/SnO₂

Softening point: 390° C.

(iii) Resin

Ethyl cellulose resin (Aqualon, Hercules)

(iv) Solvent

Terpineol

TABLE 1 (Parts by Silver Glass frit weight) particle Leaded Lead-freeResin Solvent Total Paste 1 70.30 5.25 2.50 21.95 100.00 Paste 2 70.305.25 2.50 21.95 100.00

The silver particle, glass frit, resin and solvent were each weighed,mixed and kneaded with a three-roll kneader to obtain silver pastes.

(II) Preparation of Added Metal Pastes

Pastes A to I were prepared using the metal particles and metal-loadedparticles of each of the metals (to be referred to as the addedparticles), resin and solvent shown in Table 2. The resin and solventwere the same as those used to prepare the silver paste described above.

TABLE 2 (Parts by Added weight) Type of added particles particles ResinSolvent Total Paste A Ni 10.00 1.30 8.70 20 Paste B W 10.00 1.30 8.70 20Paste C Pd 10.00 1.30 8.70 20 Paste D Ag/Pd alloy 10.00 1.30 8.70 20Paste E Pt 10.00 1.30 8.70 20 Paste F Au 10.00 1.30 8.70 20 Paste G Ru10.00 1.30 8.70 20 Paste H Rh 10.00 1.30 8.70 20 Paste I Pt-loadedgraphite 5.00 1.95 13.05 20

The metal particles, resin and solvent were each weighed, mixed andstirred for 2 minutes using a rotary mixer to obtain added metal pastes.

(III) Preparation of Electrically Conductive Pastes

The silver paste prepared in (I) above and the pastes A to I prepared in(II) above were mixed and stirred for 2 minutes with a rotary mixer.Pastes A to I were added to the silver paste so that the mixing ratiowas 1% by weight of the added particles to the weight of the silver inthe silver paste (although two types of electrically conductive pasteswere prepared for the Pt-loaded graphite having mixing ratios of 1% byweight and 2% by weight). For example, a silver paste containing Pdmetal was prepared by adding 0.142 parts by weight of paste C to paste 1(10.00 parts by weight).

(IV) Evaluation Method

The resistance values (Ω) were measured for each of the resultingelectrically conductive pastes.

Samples were prepared as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, and contactresistance was measured for both electrodes (indicated with Ag in thedrawings). Samples were prepared by cutting a commercially available4-inch single crystal silicon wafer (Mitsubishi Materials Corp., crystalaxis (1.0.0), P-type conductivity) into squares measuring 20 mm on aside with a laser scriber, and applying the electrically conductivepaste onto the wafer in a circular pattern at two locations followed byfiring to form electrodes.

Sample Shape:

Circular patterns having a diameter of 6 mm were formed at an intervalof 1 mm on an Si wafer cut to the shape of a square measuring 20 mm on aside (see FIG. 6B).

Firing Conditions:

The wafers were fired under the following conditions using an IR heatingbelt furnace.

Maximum set temperature: 600° C.

Belt speed: 370 cpm

Furnace temperature profile:

-   -   400° C. or higher: 18 seconds    -   500° C. or higher: 12 seconds

Resistance Value Measurement Conditions:

Current and voltage characteristics between the sample electrodes formedunder the conditions described above were measured with the HSV-100Cyclic Voltanometry apparatus available from Hokuto Denko Corp. Theaverage of inter-electrode resistance over an applied voltage range of0.2 to 0.4 V was used as the resistance value.

As shown in FIG. 6C, since the resistance of the fabricated electrodeswas small enough to be able to be ignored in terms of magnitude, themeasured resistance values were taken to be the sum of the resistancevalue of the Si wafer and the contact resistance at the Si—Ag(electrode) interface. Since the resistance value of the Si wafer isconstant, the magnitude of the measured resistance represents themagnitude of the contact resistance.

(V) Results

The results of measuring the resistance values of each of theelectrically conductive pastes are shown in Table 3 (using paste 1 forthe silver paste) and Table 4 (using paste 2 for the silver paste).

TABLE 3 Resistance Values and Evaluation of Electrically ConductivePastes Using Paste 1 for the Silver Paste Resistance Added Paste Value(Ω) Judgment* Comparative Not added 87,000  Ineffective Example 1Comparative Paste A Ni 88,500  Ineffective Example 2 Example 1 Paste B W6,300 Effective Example 2 Paste C Pd 2,200 Very effective Example 3Paste D Ag/Pd alloy 3,900 Very effective Example 4 Paste E Pt   400 Veryeffective Comparative Paste F Au 82,000  Ineffective Example 3 Example 5Paste G Ru 1,200 Very effective Example 6 Paste H Rh 8,400 EffectiveExample 7 Paste I Pt-loaded  49,00- Ineffective graphite Example 8 PasteI Pt-loaded 24,000  Effective (2 wt %) graphite *Judgment: A resistancevalue 1/20 or less the resistance value in the case of not adding anadded paste (i.e., the Comparative Example resistance value) was judgedto be “very effective”, while a value of ½ or less the resistance valuewas judged to be “effective”.

TABLE 4 Resistance Values and Evaluation of Electrically ConductivePastes Using Paste 2 for the Silver Paste Resistance Added Paste Value(Ω) Judgment* Comparative Not added 75,000 Ineffective Example 4Comparative Paste A Ni 85,000 Ineffective Example 5 Example 9 Paste B W3,600 Very effective Example 10 Paste C Pd 128 Very effective Example 11Paste D Ag/Pd alloy 4,200 Effective Example 12 Paste E Pt 113 Veryeffective Comparative Paste F Au 84,000 Ineffective Example 6 Example 13Paste G Ru 1,100 Very effective Example 14 Paste H Rh 7,300 EffectiveExample 15 Paste I Pt-loaded 9,700 Effective graphite Example 16 Paste IPt-loaded 8,600 Effective (2 wt %) graphite *Judgment: A resistancevalue 1/20 or less the resistance value in the case of not adding anadded paste was judged to be very effective, while that ½ or less theresistance value was judged to be effective.

On the basis of the above results, with the exception of nickel andgold, the addition of tungsten, palladium, silver/palladium alloy,platinum, ruthenium and rhodium to a silver paste at 1% by weight wasable to lower contact resistance. Palladium, platinum and ruthenium inparticular greatly contributed to a decrease in contact resistance.

Even powders not consisting of a single component such as thesilver/palladium alloy and the platinum-loaded graphite clearlycontributed to a decrease in contact resistance. Furthermore, the reasonfor the degree of the contribution to decreased contact resistance beinglower as compared with the case of using a single metal is thought to bebecause, since the powder itself was added at 1% by weight, the contentof palladium or platinum in the silver paste decreased correspondingly.

A silicon oxide film referred to as a natural oxide film having athickness of 10 to 15 Angstroms is known to normally be present onuntreated silicon wafers. The pastes of the examples are believed tohave fired through this silicon oxide film and make direct contact withthe semiconductor surface.

1. A method for producing a solar cell electrode, comprising the stepsof: (1) applying a paste comprising (a) electrically conductiveparticles containing silver particle having a particle size of 0.1 to 10microns and added particle selected from the group consisting of (i)metal particles selected from the group consisting of Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh,Pd, W, Re, Os, Ir and Pt particles, onto the opposite side from thelight receiving side of a back contact-type solar cell substrate,wherein content of the silver particle is 40 to 90 wt %, and content ofthe added particle is 0.01 to 10 wt % based on the weight of the paste;and (2) firing the applied paste.
 2. The method for producing a solarcell electrode according to claim 1, wherein the metal particles areselected from the group consisting of Ru, Rh, Pd, W, and Pt particles.3. The method for producing a solar cell electrode according to claim 2,wherein the metal particles are Ru, Pd or Pt particles.
 4. The methodfor producing a solar cell electrode according to claim 1, the contentof a third conductive particle, which is not included the concept of thesilver particles nor the added particle, is less than 2 wt % based onthe weight of the paste.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein thepaste is fired at 450 to 900 C.
 6. The method for producing a solar cellelectrode according to claim 1, wherein content of the added particle is0.1 to 5 wt % based on the weight of the paste.